QUEBEC VIOLENCE PREVENTION PROGRAMS

The inventory of violence-prevention programs in Quebec is not exhaustive. We preferred to concentrate on a diverse range of programs and activities. Particular attention was paid to programs that have been assessed or that are widely used.

Prevention programs and activities were identified by consulting a variety of sources. Directories of programs, activities and materials in the field of violence prevention, along with up-to-date reference works on prevention programs related to violence or discussing the assessment of implementation or the impact of certain programs were extremely valuable sources of information. At the same time, we were able to gather more information through contacts with key people in the field of violence prevention in Quebec, who either told us about programs or referred us to other resource persons. One thing led to another, and we managed to put together the inventory.

Although originally we wanted to cover what was happening in the various regions of Quebec, we have most likely achieved only part of this objective: CRI-VIFF's geographic location - Montreal and Quebec City - certainly had an effect on our prior knowledge of some prevention projects or resources that could put us on to programs. The inclusion or exclusion of a project in the inventory therefore must not be seen as any form of judgment of its quality.

The inventory is organized into seven categories:

1. Parenting skills.
2. Prosocial skills and conflict resolution.
3. Egalitarian relationships.
4. Self-esteem.
5. Sexual, physical and other types of abuse.
6. Children exposed to conjugal violence.
7. Violence in teenage couples.

A wide range of projects focus on improving parenting skills as a means of preventing the neglect of small children. These programs are usually intended for parents at risk: economically disadvantaged families, single parents, very young mothers with little education. Most require the involvement of a CLSC [local health and social services centre] and the community. Activities are organized for children as well as parents.

The Central Montreal and Lower St. Lawrence Public Health Branches have taken stock of programs and activities throughout Quebec designed to prevent child abuse and neglect. The results have been published in 15 volumes, one per health and social services region.⁽³⁾ Most of the programs to improve parenting skills listed here are taken from that directory. Given the huge number of programs in the directory, we opted to included those that had been assessed.

In recent years, projects aimed at developing prosocial skills and conflict-resolution skills, and to a lesser extent, those promoting equality in relationships between men and women have grown in number. The first type ultimately aim to decrease and prevent violent behaviour by helping children develop prosocial skills and learn nonviolent methods of solving conflicts. The objective of the second type is to counteract sexism and suggest nontraditional sex-role models. Most of these projects are run in schools, usually at the kindergarten and elementary levels. Some, targeting preschoolers, are organized in conjunction with early-childhood centres (daycares).

We have included three programs that have the general objective of increasing self-esteem, based on the assumption that good self-esteem is a protective factor against violence. Two of these projects - L'adolescence: Toute une aventure and Les scientifines - are just for girls, and except for the Confidences program to prevent sexual abuse, these are the only ones. All the rest are intended for both boys and girls.

The category "sexual, physical and other types of abuse" includes only one program that aims to prevent all forms of abuse. This is the Espace program, which is used widely throughout the province. The other projects listed in this category focus solely on preventing sexual abuse.

The issue of children exposed to domestic violence is getting increasing attention in Quebec. Interest is growing in the consequences of this exposure and in ways of working with children to reduce the harmful effects of their exposure. There are more and more programs of this type, and the inventory lists several of them.

Last but not least, work in the area of preventing dating violence includes a huge collection of materials: videos, plays, leaflets. VIRAJ is the most commonly used program of this type in Quebec. Many other projects are based on it, but they have not been included here.

It would have been impossible to list all the prevention programs, and choices had to be made: some rational, others dictated by time constraints. That said, we believe that this inventory provides a good overview of the work being done in Quebec to prevent violence.

FOCUS GROUPS

To fulfill our mandate to gain a better understanding of the current issues involved in prevention of violence against girls and teenage girls, we decided to hold consultations with experts through focus groups. The main goal of these meetings was to contact individuals with expertise in the area of prevention of violence against children in general, and girls in particular. Our invitation to participate in the focus groups was therefore extended to women and men who work in various settings: leading groups and programs, conducting research and acting as policy-makers.

A total of four meetings were held in Quebec. Given the population density of the Montreal area and the large number of organizations, coalitions, sectors involved, etc., two meeting were held in Montreal. A third meeting was held in Quebec City, where many provincial government and para-governmental organizations have offices. A final meeting was held in Rimouski, to consult those involved in the Lower St. Lawrence region. Other people, working outside Montreal and Quebec, were invited to participate in one of the four meetings.

In addition to these formal discussion groups, we also held a special meeting with representatives of the FIIQ - Fédération des infirmières et des infirmiers du Québec (Quebec Federation of Nurses), who were unable to attend the scheduled groups, but expressed a strong desire to take part in the consultations. Others who were unable to attend meetings contributed via telephone interviews or by responding in writing to the main questions raised in the interviews.

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE FOCUS GROUPS

In the course of the discussions, a number of important recommendations emerged; they are presented in the following section. Essentially, they are separate recommendations formulated by specific individuals in the focus groups. Note that there was no consensus on these recommendations and that they are presented here solely as information.

TARGETS:

• The entire community should be concerned about preventing violence.
• The focus of prevention should be all children, both girls and boys.
• Groups that are more vulnerable should be given more sustained or specific attention.
• Work must not be limited to potential victims; potential aggressors should also be targeted.
• Programs should address children and teens, but should also reach out to parents and others who work with children. Effective intervention should target the entire community, including media.

• There should be a clear political will to support the program.
• A common action plan should be a basic part of any program to prevent violence against children.⁽⁴⁾ This plan should be flexible and allow for adaptation to suit specific circumstances: groups targeted (children, those who work with children, parents), age, the community (ethnic, First Nation's, culturally deprived), the level of schooling (regular vs. special program), etc.
• The work of different organizations must be coordinated, which would, among other things, make it possible to:
• Avoid duplication when working with the same group of young people
• Enrich the program
• Agree on common objectives
• Agree on common concepts and terminology
• Because community groups are most active players in projects to prevent violence, their contribution should be recognized and supported by the more institutional establishments.
• Men are as responsible as women for working to prevent violence, and should be involved in prevention at all levels, in order that children have good male role-models.
• The focus should be on a multidisciplinary approach.

• Action plans should include measures to ensure continuity, which means, for example, that the process should begin early (e.g., in the prenatal and early childhood periods) and that interventions should be repeated regularly throughout the stages of child development.
• Some things should be addressed separately for the two sexes, whereas others can be shared (some themes, for example, are more difficult to discuss in mixed groups).
• It would be best if programs were conducted by adults of both sexes.
• Facilitators offering such programs must receive adequate training.
• Adequate education must be provided to all who are engaged in prevention of violence (teachers, educators, etc.), and especially those who will be conducting the program.
• Young people should participate in interventions, because this improves reception by their peers.
• There must be a plan for providing specific resources (personnel, contacts) for children who require support after a program has been implemented (e.g., exposing an aggression).
• Prevention programs must be rigorously evaluated.

• The major theme of prevention programs should be the socialization of children.
• A central theme for prevention programs should be the promotion of non-violent values (egalitarian behaviour, the right to be different, etc.);
• Programs should use tools that reach young people. Methods should take into account their cultural environment (language, music, etc.).
• Young people, especially teenagers, should be consulted and participate in the development of prevention programs.
• In a general prevention plan, all forms of violence could be addressed. However, certain specific concepts should be understood by all, and be agreed upon, such as the forms that violence takes.
• Fatherhood must be promoted and valued.

• Funding must be sufficient to ensure that the entire prevention program can be offered.

A Brief Overview of Major Aspects of the Quebec Centre's Literature Review, Intervention Review, and Focus Groups

CRI-VIFF, the Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux femmes [Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Family Violence and Violence Against Women], undertook to review all the literature in French on the six most important topics: (1) children who have witnessed domestic violence, (2) dating violence, (3) sexual assault, (4) socialization, (5) child abuse and (6) sexual harassment.

The literature review from Quebec's centre has focuses on: (1) theoretical or empirical papers that contribute to the description or the explanation of a specific violence-related phenomenon, namely physical, psychological or sexual abuse, children who witness violence in their family, incest, and dating abuse; (2) description and/or evaluation of programs aimed at preventing family violence or counteracting the negative effects of being victim of violence (physical, psychological or sexual abuse), or of witnessing family violence, preventing sexism or violence in the schools, preventing or counteracting the negative effects of dating abuse among adolescents; (3) description and/or evaluation of programs promoting children's well being.

It is shown that there is little epidemiological research in French, except for a few studies on child abuse. The research in some of the areas - children who have witnessed conjugal violence, dating violence, sexual assault - was carried out largely in response to specific needs identified through practice. This explains the high number of evaluative studies in these areas. Other researchers, however, have examined factors associated with the various forms of violence or their consequences.

Despite all the work that has been done demonstrating the difference between the violence experienced by girls and boys, we found little research in which results were broken down by the children's sex.

We also found that some topics, especially child abuse and sexual abuse, were more popular than others. In the 1980s, a great deal of work was done on sexual harassment, but essentially with regard to women. Other topics, such as children who have witnessed domestic violence or dating violence, are more recent additions to the literature. To our great astonishment, the relationship between socialization and violence was not addressed at all in any of the literature we reviewed.

Although violence against girls has been studied extensively, a great deal of research still remains to be done, especially on the factors associated with the effective prevention of violence and on the socialization of girls and boys.

The review of intervention programs has focuses on programs that have been implemented and evaluated in Quebec. Several interesting programs have been identified with regard to dating violence, sexual, physical and other types of abuse, children who witness domestic violence, the socialization girls and boys (namely egalitarian interaction, conflict resolution, self-esteem programs), early child intervention (namely parenting programs), development of prosocial behavior in preschool and school age children. Only three of these projects are just for girls. All the rest are intended for both boys and girls.

Nevertheless the intervention programs that are described or evaluated focus primarily on the individuals (children, adolescents or parents) rather than on the family system in an ecosystemic perspective. In most interventions for family violence, the target of intervention is the child or the adolescent, though some interventions target as much the child, the parents, and the family unit. Some interventions are implemented in the schools. Interventions aimed at the prevention of dating violence are mainly implemented in the schools. The literature search clearly indicates a change in focus in the target of intervention from parents in infancy, to children and parents at school age, to adolescents and their peers at adolescence.

Though several programs have been implemented services providers that were met during the focus groups emphasized the need to: 1) do primary prevention; 2) focus on more at-risk populations; 3) have an action plan that would address differentially the needs of children and their family on the basis of their developmental level; 4) offer a series of interventions that would allow for a continuing of these intervention across time and across social and educational services; 5) have a concerted plan of several actions to be implemented in different settings that children attend (family, school, community services); 6) develop differential interventions for boys and girls since their experience of violence and their relation to violence differ; 7) take into consideration the differential socialization of boys and girls; 8) evaluate the effectiveness of the programs; 9) develop programs that are also aimed at promoting children's well-being; 10) have a clear political desire to implement and offer continuous financial support to these programs.

On the basis of information gathered during this first phase, the CRI-VIFF has identified an action plan that would be a significant contribution to the issue of reducing violence against the girl child and achieving social justice. The Centre intends to extend the efforts aimed at preventing violence against the girl child and at counteracting the negative effects of violence against the girl child by identifying factors that contribute favorably or that hinder the generalization of programs that have been evaluated as contributing to the aforementioned issue. Thus, the proposed action plan will focus on strategies for disseminating empirically supported interventions to service providers and for fostering the generalization of these interventions. The conclusions arrived at will be generalizable to the implementation process of interventions in all centres; it addresses major concerns identified by service providers in Quebec; and it complements and adds to the efforts already put forward in Quebec with regard to the prevention of violence.

^4. Because one of the main recommendations that emerged from the focus groups was to target all children, girls and boys, we have chosen to use the term "children" here, rather than "young girls."

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